To update this bug post:
I continued testing this issue with the help of @Beelzybub and I was able to connect to their test server and remain connected without a crash to desktop for ~60 minutes.
After that test, I connected to another public server and I was able to remain connected without a crash to desktop for ~60 minutes.
Based upon these results, my current assumption leads to the idea that adding XBL authentication to the 7D2D PC version likely added additional port/protocol requirements and possibly something is happening with the XBL authentication/verification at almost exactly 30 minutes that is not allowed by the G-Portal hosted 7D2D server causing the issue with Windows store/Xbox GamePass for PC clients that does not appear to be an issue for Steam clients on the same server.
I've attempted to find a list of 7D2D port/protocol requirements after the PC Windows store version to see what may have changed (and may not be allowed on the G-Portal server), but so far all I can find is the standard port forwarding information.
As such, the root cause appears that it could be something with the hosted server config, firewall config, etc. for the Windows store/Xbox GamePass for PC clients only.; however, I would expect that if the 7D2D server has an issue with authentication the 7D2D clients should 1) not crash to the desktop and 2) log an appropriate message in the client output log to indicate the source of the issue.